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Department of Families, Fairness and Housing (Vic),

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Department of Social Services (Cth),

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Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia,

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‘Family Violence Orders’, (Web Page) <https://www.fcfcoa.gov.au/fl/fv/orders>

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Hack, triple j, ‘What Are Federal Politicians Promising for Domestic Violence Prevention This Election?’, ABC News (online, 9 April 2025) <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-04-09/what-are-the-parties-offering-in-dv-policy/105157102>

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Judicial College of Victoria,

‘22.1.4.4.2 Duration of final order’, Children’s Court Bench Book (Online Manual) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1049905>

Family Violence (Web Page, 14 January 2025) <https://judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/resources/family-violence>

‘2.1.4.1 Who is eligible to make an application?’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 30 November 2020) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>

‘2.2.2.1 Power to make final intervention orders’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 29 March 2018) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>.

‘2.2.2.3 Commencement and duration of final intervention orders’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 23 October 2023) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062/section/1386928>

‘2.2.4 Undertakings’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 13 February 2018) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>

‘2.3 Changing orders’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 31 July 2019) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>

‘2.5.3 Protecting children in court’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 10 December 2019) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>

‘2.6 Interaction with family law’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 20 April 2010) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>

‘2.6.2 Power to modify Family Law Act orders’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 17 September 2018) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>.

‘2.6.3 Powers of the Children’s Court under the Family Law Act’, Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual, 20 April 2010) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053062>

Kolovos, Benita, ‘While Friends Were Partying, Conor Was Preparing for Court. His Case Has Now Prompted Labor to Act on Family Violence’, The Guardian (Australia) (online, 11 June 2025) <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/jun/11/while-friends-were-partying-conor-was-preparing-for-court-his-case-has-now-prompted-labor-to-act-ntwnfb>

Law Commission of Ontario,

‘Improving Protection Orders’, (Web Page) <https://www.lco-cdo.org/en/our-currentprojects/improving-protection-orders/>

‘Protection Order Glossary’, (Web Page) <https://www.lco-cdo.org/en/our-current-projects/improving-protection-orders/protection-order-glossary/>

Legislative Assembly Legal and Social Issues Committee, Parliament of Victoria, Building the Evidence Base: Inquiry into Capturing Data on People Who Use Family Violence in Victoria (Final Report, April 2025) <https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/news/justice/family-violence-data/>

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McArthur, Grant, ‘“Invisible Victims”: Calls for Reform as Family Violence System Fails Children’, The Age (online, 3 May 2025) <https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/invisible-victims-calls-for-reform-as-family-violence-system-fails-children-20250501-p5lvtu.html>

Magistrates’ Court of Victoria,

‘Applicant/Affected Family Member Support’, (Web Page, 29 April 2025) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/find-support/family-violence/applicantaffected-family-member-support>

‘Application for a Family Violence Intervention Order – FVIO1’, (Web Page, 14 October 2024) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/form-finder/application-family-violence-intervention-order-fvio1>

‘Documents and Recordings’, (Web Page, 4 April 2025) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/going-court/documents-and-recordings>

‘Family Violence Intervention Orders (FVIO)’, (Web Page, 15 April 2025) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/family-matters/family-violence-intervention-orders-fvio>

Family Violence Practitioners: Frequently Asked Questions (Fact Sheet, 2020) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-08/Family%20violence%20practitioners%20FAQs.pdf>

Information for Application for a Family Violence Intervention Order FVIO1 (Report, July 2019) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-11/FVIO1-Application-for-Family-Violence-Intervention-Order.pdf>

‘Service of Court Documents’, (Web Page, 20 May 2025) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/civil-matters/service-court-documents>

‘Specialist Family Violence Courts’, (Web Page, 23 May 2024) <https://www.mcv.vic.gov.au/about/specialist-family-violence-courts>

Macquarie University, ‘Family Law Terms in Easy-To-Understand English’, LawTermFinder (Web Page, 11 June 2025) <https://lawtermfinder.mq.edu.au/>

North and West Regional Children’s Resource Program, Through a Child’s Eyes: Children’s Experience of Family Violence and Homelessness (Report, Merri Outreach Support Service, 2013)

O’Donnell, Karlee et al, Intimate Partner Violence among Australian 18–19 Year Olds (Growing Up in Australia Snapshot Series – Issue 11, Australian Institute of Family Studies, October 2023)

Our Watch, Changing the Picture: A National Resource to Support the Prevention of Violence against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women and Their Children (Report, 2018) <https://assets.ourwatch.org.au/assets/Key-frameworks/Changing-the-picture-AA.pdf>

Oxford University Press, Australian Law Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2010)

Power, Peter, Research Materials (Report, Children’s Court of Victoria, 2025) <https://www.childrenscourt.vic.gov.au/research-materials/about-research-materials>

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‘School Lawyer’, WEst Justice (Web Page) <https://www.westjustice.org.au/community-development-and-law-reform/community-development-and-law-reform-projects/school-lawyer>

‘School Lawyer Program’, Hester Hornbrook Academy (Web Page) <https://www.hhacademy.vic.edu.au/page/292>

Sentencing Advisory Council, Sentencing Breaches of Family Violence Intervention Orders and Safety Notices: Third Monitoring Report (Report, May 2022) <https://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-04/sentencing_breaches_of_family_violence_intervention_orders_and_saftey_notices.pdf>

Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety, Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory, Inquiry into Sexual, Family and Personal Violence Legislation Amendment Bill 2023 (Final Report No 25, March 2024) <https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/parliamentary-business/in-committees/previous-assemblies/standing-committees-tenth-assembly/jcs/inquiry-into-sexual,-family-and-personal-violence-amendment-bill-2023#tab2318775-4id>

‘Supporting People from Migrant and Refugee Communities’, Safe and Equal (Web Page) <https://safeandequal.org.au/working-in-family-violence/tailored-inclusive-support/migrant-refugee-communities/>

Tarpey-Brown, Gemma et al, ‘Domestic and Family Violence Affecting Children and Young People from Culturally and Racially Marginalized Migrant Backgrounds in Australia: A Scoping Review of Child Experiences and Service Responses’ (2024) 25(5) Trauma, Violence & Abuse 3872 <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241265386>

Unanswered Calls (Safe Steps, 4 June 2025) <https://safesteps.org.au/unansweredcalls/>

University of Technology Sydney, National Justice Project, National Justice Project Position Statement: Discriminatory Policing (Report, 2022) <https://www.justice.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022.07.12_NJP_Position_Statement_Discriminatory_Policing-.pdf>

Victoria Legal Aid,

‘Change, Extend or Appeal a Family Violence Intervention Order’, (Web Page, 3 June 2024) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/change-extend-appeal-family-violence-intervention-order>

‘Children and Family Violence Intervention Orders’, (Web Page, 18 July 2024) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/children-and-family-violence-intervention-orders>

‘Client Priority and Capability Policy’, (Web Page, 2 June 2022) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/client-priority-and-capability-policy>

‘Duty Lawyer Services’, (Web Page, 27 December 2023) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/duty-lawyer-services>

‘Family Violence and Family Violence Intervention Orders’, (Web Page, 21 November 2024) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/family-violence-and-family-violence-intervention-orders>

‘Family Violence Safety Notices’, (Web Page, 27 June 2024) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/family-violence-safety-notices>

Handbook for Lawyers (Report, 4 July 2024) <https://www.handbook.vla.vic.gov.au/guideline-8-family-violence-intervention-order-cases>

‘Legal Words’, (Web Page, 30 April 2024) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/legal-words>

‘Respondent Options for Dealing with a Family Violence Intervention Order’, (Web Page, 30 April 2025) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/respondent-options-dealing-family-violence-intervention-order>

‘Speak to Us’ (Web Page, 15 May 2025) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/speak-to-us>

‘What Can Happen at a Family Violence Intervention Order Hearing’, (Web Page, 30 April 2025) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/what-can-happen-family-violence-intervention-order-hearing>

Victoria Police,

Code of Practice for the Investigation of Family Violence (Report, 2022) <https://www.police.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-11/Code-of-practice-for-the-investigation-of-family-violence-Edition-4-Version-2.pdf>

‘Family Violence Safety Notices and Intervention Orders’, (Web Page, 28 January 2025) <https://www.police.vic.gov.au/intervention-orders>

‘What Is Family Violence’, (Web Page, 28 January 2025) <https://www.police.vic.gov.au/technology-facilitated-abuse>

Victorian Government

‘About the Royal Commission into Family Violence’, VIC.GOV.AU (Web Page, 27 September 2023) <https://www.vic.gov.au/about-royal-commission-family-violence>

‘Dhelk Dja – a Partnership with Aboriginal Communities to Address Family Violence’, VIC.GOV.AU (Web Page, 16 October 2020) <https://www.vic.gov.au/dhelk-dja-partnership-aboriginal-communities-address-family-violence>

‘Evidence-Based Risk Factors and the MARAM Risk Assessment Tools’, MARAM Practice Guides: Foundation Knowledge Guide (Web Page, 21 July 2021) <https://www.vic.gov.au/maram-practice-guides-foundation-knowledge-guide/evidence-based-risk-factors-and-maram-risk>

‘Extend the Functions of Family Violence Court Division Courts to Other Courts: Recommendation 60’, The Family Violence Recommendations (Web Page, 28 January 2023) <https://www.vic.gov.au/family-violence-recommendations/extend-functions-family-violence-court-division-courts-other-courts>

Family Violence Multi-Agency Risk Assessment and Management Framework (Report, 2018)

‘Intersectionality and Family Violence’, Victorian Family Violence Data Collection Framework (Web Page, 5 March 2021) <https://www.vic.gov.au/victorian-family-violence-data-collection-framework/intersectionality-and-family-violence>

MARAM Practice Guides Foundation Knowledge Guide – Guidance for Professionals Working with Child or Adult Victim Survivors, and Adults Using Family Violence (Report, 2021)

‘MARAMIS Quarterly Newsletter July-September 2024 Quarter 1 2024-25’, VIC.GOV.AU (Web Page, 4 December 2024) <https://www.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-11/MARAMIS-Quarterly-Newsletter-PDF-version-Q1-2024-25-.pdf>

‘The Orange Door Annual Service Delivery Report 2022-23’, VIC.GOV.AU (Web Page, 1 May 2024) <https://www.vic.gov.au/orange-door-annual-service-delivery-report-2022-23>

‘The Orange Door Network’, Family Violence Reform Rolling Action Plan 2020-2023 (Web Page, 19 April 2021) <https://www.vic.gov.au/family-violence-reform-rolling-action-plan-2020-2023/orange-door>

‘Presentations of Family Violence in Different Relationships and Communities’, MARAM Practice Guide: Foundation Knowledge Guide (Web Page, 21 July 2021) <https://www.vic.gov.au/maram-practice-guides-foundation-knowledge-guide/presentations-family-violence-different>

Report of the Family Violence Reform Implementation Monitor – As at 1 November 2020 (Report, 6 May 2021) <https://www.fvrim.vic.gov.au/report-family-violence-reform-implementation-monitor-1-november-2020>

Report of the Protecting Victoria’s Vulnerable Children Inquiry (Final Report, Department of Premier and Cabinet, January 2012) <http://childprotectioninquiry.archive.vic.gov.au/report-pvvc-inquiry.html>

Royal Commission into Family Violence: Summary and Recommendations (Parliamentary Paper No 132 (2014–16), March 2016) <http://rcfv.archive.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/MediaLibraries/RCFamilyViolence/Reports/RCFV_Full_Report_Interactive.pdf>

Royal Commission into Family Violence: Volume 4 Report and Recommendations (Parliamentary Paper No 132 (2014–16), 2016) <http://rcfv.archive.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/MediaLibraries/RCFamilyViolence/Reports/Final/RCFV-Vol-IV.pdf>

Victorian Law Reform Commission,

‘Examining Aspects of Family Violence Intervention Orders for Children and Young Adults: Terms of Reference’, (Web Page, 25 September 2024) <https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/publication/fvios-young-people-tor/>

Review of Family Violence Laws Report (Report, 1 March 2006) <https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/project/family-violence/>

Victorian Legal Services Board and Commissioner, Does My Lawyer Have a Conflict of Interest? (Fact Sheet, November 2016) <https://lsbc.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-02/Fact_sheet-Does_my_lawyer_have_a_conflict_of_interest-2016.pdf>

Yoorrook Justice Commission, Yoorrook for Justice: Report into Victoria’s Child Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (Report, 2023) <https://cdn.craft.cloud/06ad3276-b3d9-4912-bcbb-37795aade9a8/assets/documents/Yoorrook-for-justice-report.pdf>

Youthlaw, Becoming Independent (Fact Sheet, June 2023) <https://youthlaw.asn.au/learn-about-the-law/becoming-independent/>

Case law

Victoria

AAA v County Court of Victoria & Ors [2023] VSC 13

Ashworth (a pseudonym) v Wright (a pseudonym) (Ruling) [2025] VCC 774

OP v XY [2020] VSC 754

YY v ZZ & Anor [2013] VSC 743

Commonwealth

Pedroni & Schanz [2020] FamCA 360

Vine & Buchanan [2015] FCCA 1333

Legislation

Victoria

Age of Majority Act 1977 (Vic)

Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic)

Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic)

Children’s Court (Family Violence Protection) Rules 2018 (Vic)

Crime Statistics Act 2014 (Vic)

Evidence Act 2008 (Vic)

Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic)

Magistrates’ Court Act 1989 (Vic)

Magistrates’ Court (Family Violence Protection) Rules 2018 (Vic)

Commonwealth

Family Law Act 1975 (Cth)

Other Australian jurisdictions

Domestic and Family Violence Act 2007 (NT)

Family Violence Act 2016 (ACT)

Intervention Orders (Prevention of Abuse) Act 2009 (SA)

Legal Profession Uniform Law Australian Solicitors’ Conduct Rules 2015

International

New Zealand

Family Violence Act 2018 (NZ)

United Nations

United Nations, Convention on the Rights of the Child (2 September 1990, Adopted 20 November 1989 No GA Res 44/25) <https://www.unicef.org.au/united-nations-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child>

Other

Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, 26 June 2008, 2642-3, 2645 (Robert Hulls, Attorney-General)